Artificial Intelligence Will Predict how Scenes Will Play Out

A new artificial intelligence system can take still images and generate short videos that simulate what happens next similar to how humans can visually imagine how a scene will evolve, according to a new study.Humans intuitively understand how the world works, which makes it easier for people, as opposed to machines, to envision how a scene will play out. But objects in a still image could move and interact in a multitude of different ways, making it very hard for machines to accomplish this feat, the researchers said. But a new, so-called deep learning system was able to trick humans 20 per cent of the time when compared to real footage.Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) pitted two neural network against each other, with one trying to distinguish real videos from machine-generated ones, and the other trying to create videos that were realistic enough to trick the first system.

Early Stages

Still, film directors probably don’t need to be too concerned about machines taking over their jobs yet — the videos were only 1 to 1.5 seconds long and were made at a resolution of 64 x 64 pixels. But the researchers said that the approach could eventually help robots and self driving cars navigation dynamic environments and interact with humans, or let Facebook automatically tag videos with labels describing what is happening.

The system is also able to learn unsupervised, the researchers said. This means that the two million videos — equivalent to about a year's worth of footage — that the system was trained on did not have to be labeled by a human, which dramatically reduces development time and makes it adaptable to new data.

AI Filmmakers

The MIT team is not the first to attempt to use Artificial Intelligence  to generate video from scratch. But, previous approaches have tended to build video up frame by frame, the researchers said, which allows errors to accumulate at each stage. Instead, the new method processes the entire scene at once — normally 32 frames in one go.

The results are far from perfect, though. Often, objects in the foreground appear larger than they should, and humans can appear in the footage as blurry blobs, the researchers said. Objects can also disappear from a scene and others can appear out of nowhere, they added.

"The computer model starts off knowing nothing about the world. It has to learn what people look like, how objects move and what might happen," Vondrick said. "The model hasn't completely learned these things yet. Expanding its ability to understand high-level concepts like objects will dramatically improve the generations."

Another big challenge moving forward will be to create longer videos, because that will require the system to track more relationships between objects in the scene and for a longer time, according to Vondrick.

"To overcome this, it might be good to add human input to help the system understand elements of the scene that would be difficult for it to learn on its own," he said.

Digital Currency

Nowadays the World is moving towards the Digitalization. Some countries are rapidly entering into the world of Digitalization in various field.  Digital Currency is one of the technology which will going to take an important role in future. Recently Sweden's Central Bank considers Digital currency as well as Singapore to Test Digital Currency in latest Fintech Inetiative. Digital currency or digital money is an Internet-based medium of exchange distinct from physical (such as banknotes and coins) that exhibits properties similar to physical currencies, but allows for instantaneous transactions and borderless transfer-of-ownership. Both virtual currencies and cryptocurrencies are types of digital currencies, but the converse is incorrect. Like traditional money these currencies may be used to buy physical goods and services but could also be restricted to certain communities such as for example for use inside an on-line game or social network.

According to the European Central Bank's "Virtual currency schemes – a further analysis" report of February 2015, virtual currency is a digital representation of value, not issued by a central bank, credit institution or e-money institution, which, in some circumstances, can be used as an alternative to money. In the previous report of October 2012, the virtual currency was defined as a type of unregulated, digital money, which is issued and usually controlled by its developers, and used and accepted among the members of a specific virtual community. According to the Bank For International Settlements' "Digital currencies" report of November 2015, digital currency is an asset represented in digital form and having some monetary characteristics. Digital currency can be denominated to a sovereign currency and issued by the issuer responsible to redeem digital money for cash. In that case, digital currency represents electronic money (e-money). Digital currency denominated in its own units of value or with decentralized or automatic issuance will be considered as a virtual currency. As such, bitcoin is a digital currency but also a type of virtual currency. Bitcoin and its alternatives are based on cryptographic algorithms, so these kinds of virtual currencies are also called cryptocurrencies.

Types of Digital Currencies

Virtual Currency :A virtual currency has been defined in 2012 by the European Central Bank as "a type of unregulated, digital money, which is issued and usually controlled by its developers, and used and accepted among the members of a specific virtual community". The US Department Treasury in 2013 defined it more tersely as "a medium of exchange that operates like a currency in some environments, but does not have all the attributes of real currency". The key attribute a virtual currency does not have according to these definitions, is the status as legal tender.

Cryptocurrency : A cryptocurrency is a type of digital token that relies on cryptography for chaining together digital signatures of token transfers, peer to peer networking and decentralization. In some cases a proof of work scheme is used to create and manage the currency.

Digital currencies have introduced, a competition to government backed legal tender. Though the architecture of digital currencies is still unstable. We need to understand this new medium in the context of our regulatory framework in much more holistic manner.    

Solar Power Tree: A New Era of Renewable Energy Sources

Sometimes it seems like a new week, a new solar technology record achieved. It's an exciting time in solar technology. Researchers are constantly looking for a more efficient solar cell - one that can convert the most amount of sunlight into electricity so that the technology can not just compete with fossil fuels, but blow them out of the water.

In India, The Ministry of Science and Technology has come up with a 'Solar Power Tree', an innovative way to generate electricity using solar power in a limited space. Developed by the Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur, a laboratory of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the solar power tree model is actually designed like a tree with branches made of steel to hold the photovoltaic panel.

"It takes less land of only 4 sq ft for a 5 kW solar power tree as compared to 400 sq ft of land required in case of the conventional solar photovoltaic layout. "It holds the panels at a higher height - thus gets more sun (by 1 hour) in a day in comparison to that of conventional layout on ground. This could also be rotated so that the photovoltaic panel get more sunlight. Thus, it is possible to harness 10-15 per cent more power. It has a water sprinkler at the top for self-cleaning of panels.The solar power tree has a capacity to generate 5 KW with a battery backup for 2 hours when under full load.

The minister said the solar power tree has no urban or rural barrier for its usage and is also cost effective.He said, in future, it would be possible to harness 10 per cent more power by rotating panel direction twice in a day by using a module that aligns itself with the movement of sun. Also, aesthetic aspects would be incorporated in the design of solar tree for landscaping. Therefore it's a great step from Government of India in Renewable Energy sector.

Third World War

Since last 2-3 months everyday we are hearing one word 'Third World War'.The situation of the entire world is very critical. The world is moving towards the demolition. Everyday many people's are dying due to terrorist attack. We should thank to our God that we are not in syria or in Iraq.

But exactly before 10 years ago no one was said about the Third World War except one my Sadguru my Mentor, my Dad Dr.Aniruddha Dhairyadhar Joshi (M.D. Medicine & Consulting Rheumatologist).He wrote the book on Third World War and published it in 2006. He gave us the basic identification of war. What exactly the war is? Which countries will participate in Third World War? what will be the effects of war on entire world?...Now after 10 years the scenario of entire world is exactly same as he mentioned in his book...so its my humble request to you all wake up & read this book once...You can also buy this book from aanjaneya publication website:
(website link: http://www.e-aanjaneya.com/productDetails.faces?productSearchCode=TWMRDL)

The Future Of Your PC's Hardware:Memristor

Since the dawn of electronics, we've had only three types of circuit components--resistors,inductors & capacitors.But in 1971, UC Berkeley researcher Leon Chua theorized the possibility of a fourth type of component,one that would be able to measure the flow of electric current: the Memristor. Now, just 37 years later, Hewlett-Packard has built one.

What Is It?

As its name implies,the memristor can "remember" how much current has passed through it.And by alternating the amount of current that passes through it,a memristor can also become a one-element circuit component with unique properties.Most notably,it can save its electronic state even when the current is turned off,making it a great candidate to replace today's flash memory.

Memristor will theoretically be cheaper & far faster than flash memory & allow far greater memory densities.They could also replace RAM chips as we know them,so that,after you turn off your computer,it will remember exactly what it was doing when you turn it back on & return to work instantly.This lowering of cost & consolidating of components may lead to affordable,solid state computes that fit in your pocket & run many times faster than today's PC's. 

Someday the memristor could spawn a whole new type of computer,thanks to its ability to remember a range of electrical states rather than the simplistic "on"&"off" states that today's digital processors recognize.By working with a dynamic range of data states in an analog mode,memristor-based computers could be capable of far more complex tasks than just shuttling ones and zeroes around

When is it coming?

Researchers say that no real barrier prevents implementing the memristor in circuitry immediately. But it's up to the business side to push products through to commercial reality.Memristors made to replace flash memory (at a lower cost and lower power consumption) will likely appear first; HP's goal is to offer them by 2012.Beyond that, memristors will likely replace both DRAM  & Hard Disks in the 2014-to-2016 time frame As for memristor-based analog computers, that step may take 20-plus years.

Nanotechnology In Agriculture

Nanotechnology is science of manipulating materials at nano-scale. Among the latest technological advancements, nanotechnology occupies a central position. It has many applications in all stages of production, processing, storing, packaging and transport of agricultural products. The reduced use of herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers with increased efficiency, controlled release and targeted delivery will lead to precision farming. Dream of automated, centrally controlled agriculture can become reality now. Modern agriculture is need of hour because conventional agricultural will not be able to feed an ever increasing population with changing climate, depleting resources and shrinking landscape. But at the same time application of nano-materials in agri-food sector has to be evaluated for public acceptance.

Thanks to nanotechnology that the future food will be designed according to consumer’s choice with a better taste, texture, nutrient contents and a longer shelf life. It can offer compelling value and prove to be the "the next big thing" in future agriculture. The food will be wrapped in “smart” safety packaging that can detect contaminants and spoilage agents.Nanotechnology is a novel, innovative, interdisciplinary scientific approach that involves designing, development and application of materials & devices at molecular level in nanometre scale i.e. at least one dimension ranges in size from 1 to 100 nanometres,a billionth of meter. Graph 1 indicates an exponential increase in research publications in field of nanotechnology.The use of nanotechnology in agriculture is getting importance because it is possible advantages vary from enhanced food values, reduced agricultural inputs, improved nutrient contents and longer shelf life.For developing countries, agriculture sector is backbone of their economy including more than 60% of the population which depends upon agriculture to earn their livelihood directly or indirectly.Among the latest line of technological innovations in the field of agriculture, nanotechnology occupies a distinguished position in remodelling agriculture and food production to fulfill the demands in an efficient and cost-effective way.

Nano-pesticide

Plant pests are major factors in limiting crop yields. Conventional pest controlling methods include the use of over-the-counter pesticides in large quantity which consequently add an additional cost in crop production. Excess amount of pesticides also cause environmental and water pollution. There is a need to use as much as minimum amount of pesticides to save the environment and reduce the cost in crop production.It can be achieved by increasing the retention time of pesticides with required efficiency. Persistence of pesticides in the initial stage of crop growth helps in bringing down the pest population below the threshold level, leading to an effective control for a longer period of time.

Disinfectants

It is estimated that 30 to 40% of the food produced on earth goes to waste before it can be consumed. The situation is even worse in case of fruits and vegetables. These losses can be reduced up to great extent by increasing the shelf life of perishable commodities. Nano- particles can also be used as disinfectants in food packaging and food engineering to increase the shelf life of food product.

Nano Lamination

Other significant factors include moisture, gases and lipids accumulation that cause the food to be perished. To protect the food from these agents, another workable option is nano-lamination. Nano-lamination is applied by coating foods with nanolaminates or simply by spraying it on the food surface. Along with preservation of food they can improve the texture, preserve flavour and colour of the food. Nanolaminates are thin, harmless food grade protective films which are prepared from edible polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids.

In agriculture sector, Nanotechnology has phenomenal potential to facilitate and frame the next stage of precision farming techniques. It will increase agricultural potential to harvest higher yields in ecofriendly way even in challenging environment. Globally many countries have recognized the potential of nanotechnology in the agri-food sector and are investing a significant amount on it. The adoption of nanotechnology would play a crucial role to feed the ever increasing population with declining natural resources.Extensive studies are required to understand the mechanism for nano-materials toxicity and their impacts on natural environment. If we overcome these considerations, the bright and beneficial future is at doorstep of developing nations.

Eye Phone

Smartphone Connected Contact Lenses Give New Meaning To "EYE PHONE"

 you must visit this link:http://www.livescience.com/55816-smart-contact-lenses-talk-to-your-phone.html

Logistic Exchange Memorandum of Agreement(LEMOA)

Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar and US Defence Secretary Ashton Carter signed the pact during Parrikar’s 4-day visit.In a significant decision that could have for reaching implications for India's military posture,India and the US have agreed "in principle" on logistics support agreement.That would make it easier for both militaries to share each other facilities.The Logistic Exchange Memorandum of Agreement(LEMOA) was the highlight of U.S Defence Secretary Ash Carter's three day.

What is LEMOA?

Logistic Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) facilitates the provision of logistical support, supplies, and services between the US and Indian militaries on a refundable basis, and provides a framework to govern them.It significantly enhances operational capacity of our armed forces, including in response to humanitarian crises or disaster relief.It would help both countries in governing the use of each other's land,air and naval bases for repair and resupply, a step toward building defence ties as they seek to counter the growing maritime assertiveness of China. 

What does LEMOA Cover?

LEMOA facilitates support between India and USA and this may include food, water, billeting, transportation, petroleum, oils, lubricants, clothing, medical services, spare parts and components, repair and maintenance services, training services, and other logistical items and services.

How does this Agreement work?

For example, during a bilateral exercise with the US, the participant country's unit requires fuel for its equipment.The unit cannot make the purchase unless it can pay directly and immediately. A LEMOA agreement allows for the purchase by establishing a value for the purchase and the terms for payment, which could be replacement-in-kind or an equal-value exchange.

No bases to be set-up in India

The defence pact signed by India and the US facilitating logistical support between the two militaries is not an agreement to set up bases, Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar and his US counterpart Ashton Carter have said."There is no provision for any base or any sort of activities to set up a base in India," Parrikar told reporters at a joint news conference with Carter after the two leaders held talks at the Pentagon.

The importance of this pact?

Both Parrikar and Carter have agreed on the importance (that) this framework will provide to facilitate innovative and advanced opportunities in defence technology and trade cooperation.Welcoming the signing of the bilateral agreement, defence minister Manohar Parrikar and US defence secretary Ashton Carter said the pact will facilitate opportunities for "practical engagement and exchange".

Automation In Manufacturing System

Manufacturing Automation is a key technology necessary for improving the quality and quantity of manufactured products.This technology is specially important in developing countries due to the shortage of skilled workers in those countries.Several automatic techniques are available for detecting faults in different machine components and locating the immediate faulty areas.Computer Numerical Control(CNC)machines,robots,surface milling machines,lathes and compressors are among hundreds of widely used machines in manufacturing.Every one of these tools is designed with the idea of repetition in mind.On an assembly line,each component repeats a task over and over again,most of the time without a break.The cost associated with manufacturing a piece is multiplied by hundreds and thousand of pieces manufactured at site.These pieces could be related to automobiles,refrigerators,toys,pharmaceuticals,clothing,computers etc.Precision has found more and more demand everyday for the past decade.Due to great amounts of competition in the line of manufacturing,unlike the past,only companies with the best products survive.

Due to the repetitive nature of manufacturing,most people working in these sites become more and more valuable for the creation of their product.This is due to the fact that they gain experience and their productivity increases with their experience.Unfortunately, one cannot say the same thing about most machines on the assembly line.They start wearing out and they hardly learn anything from their past experiences.In an optimal manufacturing process,it is desirable for the system to learn and improve its performance with experience.It is also desirable that any components of the system which are no longer performing optimally should be found and reported to the human supervisor in an automatic manner so that they could be replaced with a new piece.

Controls In Manufacturing

A wide class of controllers in this employ predefined gains and do not take into consideration the nonlinear dynamics in these machines. [1, 2] These gains are based on linear approximations of these highly nonlinear systems and are tuned to different tasks manually.These tuning jobs usually take hours and sometimes days and during this time the machines are not operable.The result is that these machines are not utilized to their full potential in terms of speed and precision.With a more sophisticated control strategy,it is possible to compensate for the complicated effects of nonlinearities which have in the past been considered as disturbances in most systems.Two classes of newly developed control systems which are mostly geared toward manufacturing applications are called Repetitive and Learning control systems.A repetitive controller [15, 16] is designed for processes which operate in cycles.Repetitive controllers assume that there is continuity between the last point of a repetition and the first point of the next repetition.In Learning Controllers the initial conditions are reset to the same value at each repetition.The Learning Self-tuning Regulator has also shown both in computer simulations and in experimental setups to be highly robust and to reduce the total error of systems by considerable amounts.

Another important need of manufacturing systems is to be able to monitor different components automatically.Lots of research has been done in this area in the past decade.The health of components such as bearings could be monitored by placing inexpensive accelerometer on the body of the machine.Similar type of research has been done for monitoring compressors which could seriously malfunction and blow up in cases.Automatic monitoring systems could shut these systems down before they could cause any danger.In such cases,lives might be saved using these automatic monitors.

Using these new technologies in control and monitoring of manufacturing processes could be very practical and valuable.Using these techniques,better quality products could be manufactured in addition to the increased speeds of production.The down-time of manufacturing processes is reduced extensively using condition monitoring techniques and the expertise of human workers could be used in much more useful ways.Perfect integration of the above techniques could amount to an optimal manufacturing process. 

PHOTOVOLTAIC

Photovoltaic (PV) devices generate electricity directly from sunlight via an electronic process that occurs naturally in certain types of material, called semiconductors. Electrons in these materials are freed by solar energy and can be induced to travel through an electrical circuit, powering electrical devices or sending electricity to the grid.PV devices can be used to power anything from small electronics such as calculators and road signs up to homes and large commercial businesses.

How does PV technology work?
Photons strike and ionize semiconductor material on the solar panel, causing outer electrons to break free of their atomic bonds. Due to the semiconductor structure, the electrons are forced in one direction creating a flow of electrical current.Solar cells are not 100% efficient in Diagram of a typical crystalline silicon solar cell. Solar cells are not 100% efficient in part because some of the light spectrum is reflected, some is too weak to create electricity (infrared) and some (ultraviolet) creates heat energy instead of electricity.

Others types of Photovoltaic Technology
Thin Film PV is a fast-growing but small part of the commercial solar market. Many thin-film firms are start-ups developing experimental technologies. They are generally less efficient but often cheaper than c-Si modules. 
In the United States, concentrating PV arrays are found primarily in the desert Southwest. They use lenses and mirrors to reflect concentrated solar energy onto high-efficiency cells. They require direct sunlight and tracking systems to be most effective 
History of Photovoltaic Technology
The PV effect was observed as early as 1839 by Alexandre Edmund Becquerel, and was the subject of scientific inquiry through the early twentieth century. In 1954, Bell Labs in the U.S. introduced the first solar PV device that produced a useable amount of electricity, and by 1958, solar cells were being used in a variety of small-scale scientific and commercial applications.The energy crisis of the 1970s saw the beginning of major interest in using solar cells to produce electricity in homes and businesses, but prohibitive prices (nearly 30 times higher than the current price) made large-scale applications impractical.Industry developments and research in the following years made PV devices more feasible and a cycle of increasing production and decreasing costs began which continues even today.

Most modern solar cells are made from either crystalline silicon or thin-film semiconductor material. Silicon cells are more efficient at converting sunlight to electricity, but generally have higher manufacturing costs. Thin-film materials typically have lower efficiencies, but can be simpler and less costly to manufacture. A specialized category of solar cells - called multi-junction or tandem cells - are used in applications requiring very low weight and very high efficiencies, such as satellites and military applications. All types of PV systems are widely used today in a variety of applications.
 In most parts of India sunlight and wind is available in abundance for generating energy. While solar energy generation is quite predictable and will occur only during the daylight hours, wind energy is location specific. Complementing solar and wind energy with batteries and diesel generators will ensure uninterrupted supply of power. All our systems are designed to maximize the use of renewable energy thereby reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

Google's Loon

Project Loon is research and development project being developed by Google with mission of providing Internet access to rural & remote areas.The project uses high altitude balloons placed in the stratosphere at an altitude of about 32 Km to create an aerial wireless network using a special internet antenna attached to their building.The signal travels through the balloon to balloon then ground based station connected to Internet Service Provider(ISP),then onto the global Internet.The system aims to bring Internet access to remote & rural areas poorly served by existing provisions & to improve communication during natural disasters to affected regions.

The technology designed in the project could allow countries to avoid using expensive fiber cable that would have to be installed underground to allow users to connect to the internet.Google feels this will greatly increase internet usage in developing countries in regions such as Africa & Southeast Asia that can't afford to lay underground fiber cable.Project Loon balloons positioned in the stratosphere wind at an altitude of about 20 Km,twice as high as airplane flights & weather changes.It is situated on the edge of space between 10 Km & 60 Km in altitude having steady wind below 20 mph.This spherical layer is great for solar panels because there are no clouds to block the sun.

Each balloon has a radio antenna that provide constant connectivity to the ground and connects each balloon to other balloon.There is special ground antenna that is installed on the home or workplace to access the internet from balloon.Google claims that each balloon can provide signal connectivity to ground area about 40 Km in diameter & able to deliver 3G comparable speeds.These antenna uses ISM bands of spectrum 2.4 GHz & 5.8 GHz.

There are two types of communications:1.Balloon to Balloon Communication.

                                                            2.Balloon to Ground Communication.

In loon design there are three main components

1.Envelope:The inflatable part of the balloon is called Envelope.Each super pressure balloon is made of polyethylene plastic material & filled with helium.When fully inflated the balloon height is 12 m & it's width is 15 m.The envelope is designed to resistant exposure to UV rays & is capable to function at dramatic temperature swing as low as -80 degree celsius. 

2.Solar Panel:Each balloon's solar panel provide power to it's own electronics.The solar panel's mounted at a steep angle to effectively capture sunlight.The panel produce approximately 100 watts of power in full sun & additional power is stored in rechargeable batteries.

3.Electronics:A small electronic box hangs underneath the inflated envelope.This box contains circuit boards,Linux based computer,radio antenna,GPS sensors & batteries.They have specific function.circuit boards to control the system,radio antenna for communication,GPS for tracking location,sensors to monitor and record weather conditions & lithium ions batteries to store solar panel.

Internet connectivity & communication become one of the basic needs in modern human daily life.An innovative idea like the Google's Project Loon would aid & benefit remote area of the world.It would also provide backbone communication during & after natural disaster when ground infrastructure is destroyed.   

TESLA'S GIGAFACTORY

Tesla officially opened it's Gigafactory on last Tuesday,a little more than two years after construction began.The factory is about 14 percent complete,but when it's finished it will be about 10 million square feet or about the size of 262 NFL football fields.That will make it one of the largest building in the world.It's a massive,$5 billion(roughly Rs,33,630 crores) factory in the Nevada desert that could nearly double the world's production of lithium ion batteries.

The company says making it's own lithium-ion batteries at the scale the Gigafactory will allow will reduce i's battery cost by more than a third by 2018.Most immediate Tesla needs the batteries foe it's fourth car,the model 3 Sedan,which is scheduled to go on sale at the end of next year.The model 3 will be Tesla's least expensive vehicle,partly because of battery cost reduction.To meet the goal,Gigafactory construction is proceeding at a furious pace.Robots are used to place battery packs into home and office units which store energy,from solar panel's and allow users to tap it during peak periods.The factory's name stems from "giga",a unit of measurement that represent billions.One gigawatt hour is the equivalent of generating one billion watts for one hour-one million times that of one kilowatt hour.Tesla says the factory will be producing 35 gigawatt hours of batteries by 2018.That's the equivalent to the entire world's production in 2014.Tesla CEO Elon Musk has said the factory has the capacity to produce,50 gigawatt hours if it needs to.To put that in context,New York city uses around 52 gigawatt hours of energy per year.

Musk says there are still plenty of ways for Tesla,to reduce costs including making it's factories more efficient and eventually building more battery factories in Europe,China and other regions.Where it's cars are sold.     

AUTOMATION IN PRODUCTION SYSTEM

Some elements of the production system are likely to be automated,whereas others will be operated manually or clerically.For our purpose here automation can be defined as a technology concerned with the application of mechanical,electrical and computer based system to operate and control production.
The automated elements of the production system can be separated into two categories
1.Automation of the Manufacturing system in the factory
2.Computerization of the Manufacturing support system
In modern production system the automated manufacturing system,the two categories overlap to some extent,because the automated manufacturing system operating on the factory floor are themselves often implemented by computer system and connected to the computerized manufacturing system and connected to the computerized manufacturing support system and management information system operating at the plant and enterprise levels.

Automated Manufacturing System
Automated Manufacturing Systems operate in the factory on the physical product.They performs operation such as processing,assembly,inspection or material handling in some cases accomplishing more than one of these operations in the same.Some of the examples of automated manufacturing systems include:

• Automated machine tools that process parts
• Automated assembly systems
• Automatic inspection system for quality control
• Automatic material handling and storage system to integrate manufacturing operation

Automated manufacturing system can be classified into three basic types:
1.Fixed Automation:It is a system in which sequence of processing operation is fixed by the equipment configuration.The economical justification for fixed automation is found in production that are produced in very large quantities and at high production rate.Fixed automation include machining transfer lines and automated assembly machines.
2.Programmable Automation:In Programmable Automation,the production equipment designed with the capability to change the sequence of operations to accommodate different product configuration .The operation sequence is controlled by a program,which is a set of instruction coded so that they can read and interpreted by the system.Programmable automation include numerically controlled machine tools and PLC's
3.Flexible Automation:Flexible Automation is an extension of programmable automation.The production rate is medium and it is flexible to deal with product design.

Computerized Manufacturing Support System
It is generally implemented to reduce the amount of manual and clerical efforts in product design, manufacturing,planning and control and the business function of the firm.The Computer Integrated  Manufacturing(CIM) denotes the necessary use of computer system to design the product,plan the production,control the operation and performs various business related function needed in manufacturing firm.In CIM Computer Aided Design(CAD) denotes the use of computer system to perform functiones related to manufacturing ,engineering,such as process planning and numerical control part programming.
Processing activities are accomplished to implement the four basic manufacturing support fuctions
1.Business functions 2.Product design 3.Manufacturing planning 4.Manufacturing control.

REASONS FOR AUTOMATING:

• To increase labor productivity 
• To reduce labor cost
• To reduce or eliminating routine manual and clerical task
• To improve worker safety
• To improve product quality
• To reduce manufacturing lead time
• To mitigate the effect of labor shortage   

   

NITI AAYOG:National Institute for Transforming India

It is government of India policy established by the Narendra Modi government to replace the planning commission . The union government of India announced the formation of NITI  Aayog

on 1 Jan 2015 and the first meeting was held on 8 Feb 2015. The main aim of NITI Aayog is to maintain the relationship between central government  and state government of India. Finance Minister Arun Jaitley made the following observation on the necessity of creating NITI Aayog,"The 65 years old planning commission had become a redundant organisation.It was relevant in a command economy structure,but not only longer.

 NITI Aayog replaces planning commission with a "control commission''.Planning commission is nothing but resources for the development plans for national progression and control commission is an independent regulatory body whose Chairperson is Prime Minister of India.Vice Chairperson of NITI Aayog is Arvind Panagariya and their official members and Rajnath Singh,Arun Jaitley,Suresh Prabhu, and Radha Mohan. Economist Bibek Debroy and former DRDO chief V.K.Saraswat are it's full time members.Amitabh Hant is C.E.O of NITI Aayog. NITI Aayog launches women Transforming India Initiative.

The objective of NITI Aayog is important evolutionary change from the past will be replacing a centre to state one way flow of policy by a genuine and continuing partnership with the states.NITI Aayog has launched their official website niti.gov.in from that you will get more information about ongoing projects of NITI Aayog.      

  

WIMBLEDON

Wimbledon is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and is widely consider the most prestigious.It has been held at the all England club in Wimbledon,London since 1887.Wimbledon is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments the other being Australian open,the French open and US open.Wimbledon is the only tennis tournament which played on grass court.The tournament takes place over two weeks n late June and early July,including with the Ladies and Gentlemen's singles final.

The inaugural 1877 Wimbledon championship opened on 9th July 1877.The gentlemen's singles was the only event held and was won by Spencer Gore.The lawns at the ground were arranged so that the principal court was in the middle with the others arranged around it,hence the title 'Centre Court'.In 1884 the club added ladies singles and gentlemen's double competitions.Matches in the Gentlemen's singles and Gentlemen's doubles are best of five sets all other events are best of three sets.In Wimbledon ball boys and girls known ass BBG's play a crucial role in the smooth running of the tournament.In stadium there is special reservation for Royal families.The gentlemen's singles champion is presented with a silver glit cup 18.5 inches in height and 7.5 inches in diameter.The ladies singles champion is presented with a sterling silver slaver commonly known as Venus Rosewater Dish.The winner of the gentlemen's doubles,ladies double's and mixed double's event receive silver cups

Winner of the most Gentlemen's single's titles:Roger Federer(7 times)

Winner of the most mixed double's titles Gentlemen:Owen Davidson & Leander Paes(4 times)

Winner of the most Gentlemen's double's titles:Todd Woodbridge(9 times)

Winner of the most Ladies single's titles:Martial Navratilova(9 times)

Winner of the most mixed double's titles Ladies:Martial Navratilova(4 times)

Winner of the most Ladies double's titles:Martial Navratilova(7 times)

Andy Murray was the winner of the gentlemen's singles in 2016 & Serena Williams was the winner of the Ladies singles in 2016.Pierre Hugues Herbert & Nicolas Mahut the winner of the gentlemen's double's in 2016 & Venus-Serena Williams the winner of the Ladies double's in 2016.Heather Watson & Henri Kontinen the winner of the Mixed double's in 2016.Without Wimbledon Tennis is incomplete.Wimbledon is like a World Cup for Tennis Fan's.

   

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

Management is the act or process of deciding how to use something.Waste Management is relatively important in day to day life.Waste Management is all the activities and action required to manage waste from its inception to it's final disposal.In India the last three years have seen hazardous waste import increased by 48%.In 2009 6.4 million tones of hazardous waste came from the west to India and 5.9 million tones was produced domestically.Much of this waste was metal,electronics and plastics.They may have contaminated with lead,mercury and other toxins which can cause serious illness and environmental damage.The government is supposed to monitor the import of hazardous waste which enters India through a gap in the law that allows the import of waste for recycling.Most of the parts in India do not have radiation scanning technology. 

Waste comes to distribution centers like West Delhi's Mundka and Mumbai's Dharavi before being taken away by different agents to specialty processing markets like Seelampur in Delhi.Agents sell the components to others who sell them to factories.The finished recycled products much cheaper than their branded counterparts are sold in the wholesale markets.India has a capacity to handle just 30% of it's domestic waste.India's capacity to treat hazardous waste is not growing at the same pace as waste generations.Although recycling industries are temporarily profitable,the damage to the environment is often permanent.Near Moradabad,the waters of the once-fertile Ramganga river have turned black with plastic ash.With no government control and little regard for the environment,the private waste-processing industry poses a threat to public safety in India.